AMA Style American Medical Association style, or AMA style, refers to the styling of journal manuscripts described in the AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. Now in its 10th edition, the manual is a comprehensive guide of more than 1000 pages. The 1st edition was published over 40 years ago by the editors of the Journal of the American Medical Association. 1 Many biomedical journals, in their instructions for authors, ask that authors use AMA style to prepare the scientific writing style, grammar, punctuation, and references of their manuscripts. These journals and other medical publishers use the style as is or modify it for their publication. Journals often follow, in addition to AMA style, the formatting guidelines in Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals.
2 Participating journals agree to accept manuscripts that have been prepared in accordance with these instructions. See for more details about these guidelines. Sample AMA References and Citations The examples shown in Tables 1 and 2 will help you visualize AMA reference style and AMA citation style ( AMA Manual of Style, 10th ed., 2007). Refer to chapter 3 (pp 39-79) of the AMA manual for details on many other types of references and citations.
To compare reference formatting in other styles, please visit the and pages. Sample AMA Style References by Publication Type No. Of Authors Sample Reference a Journal Article 1 author 12. AMA and Vancouver style: how to format references. 2007;78(5)(suppl): 516-528.
2-6 authors 13. Brown JE, Smyth PT. AMA and other styles: how to format references. 6 authors 16. Brown JE, Smyth PT, Xu Y-C, et al.
AMA reference style. 2007;26(1, pt 2):98-103. Entire Book 1 editor 51. Thomas ABC, ed. AMA Reference Style: A History.
New York, NY: Z&E Publishers; 2007. Article or Chapter in a Book 2 authors 89. Bjork CE Jr, McLeod RD. AMA and other styles: how to format citations. In: Laurent B III, Cool JR, eds. A History of Citations and References.
Geneva, Switzerland: Tangelo Press; 2006:3-16. Presentation (Not Published) 6 authors 95. Thomas ABC, Sato T, Ferdinand AB, et al. AMA writing style for authors and students. Paper presented at: 25th Annual Meeting of the Association for Scholarly Styles; April 2005; London, England.
Manuscript Accepted for Publication 1 author 98. The relation between citations and references. Web Site 1 author 99. Survey of AMA references and citations. MedStyleRefs Web site.
Updated January 11, 2008. Accessed February 19, 2008. Abbreviation: AMA, American Medical Association. AAll references are fictitious.
Sample AMA Style Citations No. Of Authors Citation 1 Brown 12 2 Brown and Smith 13 2 Brown et al. 16 Brown and associates 16 Brown and colleagues 16 Abbreviation: AMA, American Medical Association. References. Iverson C, Christiansen S, Flanagin A, et al. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2007.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publications. Updated October 2008. Accessed November 9, 2009.
: American Psychological Association. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association; 2009. Other Styles. Chicago style: The Chicago Manual of Style. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press; 2003.
House style: On request, I will apply the style and format set out in your company's internal guidelines. Consistent style: If you do not require a specific style, I will ensure that your document is styled consistently. If you have prepared a manuscript for a specific journal, the journal's author instructions often indicate which style to use. Many science manuscripts can be edited in ACS or CSE style. Most psychology manuscripts can be edited and formatted in. Most medical manuscripts can be edited in and formatted to conform with.
Some style guides prescribe which dictionary to use as a spelling reference. APA, for instance, identifies Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary as the standard reference. If you are not required to use a particular dictionary for your writing project, simply tell me which dictionary you prefer or which consistent spelling style to use: American, British, or Canadian. For information on other aspects of medical and scientific writing, please visit the following pages:. (including proofreading marks). Do you need science or medical editing services to help style your journal manuscript?
Please online or visit for more information.
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Key people Board Chair Gerald E. Harmon, M.D.; CEO & EVP James Madara, M.D. The American Medical Association ( AMA), founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of physicians—both and —and in the United States.
The AMA's stated mission is 'to bring together physicians and communities to improve the nation’s health.' The Association also publishes the (JAMA), which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world. The AMA also publishes a list of which are the standard method in the U.S. For identifying physician and practice specialties. See also: In 1847 after a report by physician, American physicians met in Philadelphia and formed the AMA as a national professional medical organization, the first of its kind in the world, going on to establish uniform standards for medical education, training, and practice, the world's first national code for ethical medical practice. Ever since, the dictates professional conduct for practicing physicians.
Policy positions The AMA has one of the largest political lobbying budgets of any organization in the United States. Its political positions throughout its history have often been controversial.
In the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the established during the, which violated the and resulted in a conviction ultimately affirmed by the. The American Medical Association's vehement campaign against in the 1950s and 1960s included the, supported. Since the enactment of Medicare, the AMA reversed its position and now opposes any 'cut to Medicare funding or shift of increased costs to beneficiaries at the expense of the quality or accessibility of care'. However, the AMA remains opposed to any plan that might enact a -style organization in the United States, such as the.
In the 1990s, the organization was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform advanced by and. The AMA has also supported changes in law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care.
In many states, high risk specialists have moved to other states that have enacted reform. For example, in 2004, all neurosurgeons had relocated out of the entire southern half of. The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for. These costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of healthcare and lost income.
At the same time however, states without caps also experienced similar results; suggesting that other market factors may have contributed to the decreases. Some economic studies have found that caps have historically had an uncertain effect on premium rates. Nevertheless, the AMA believes the caps may alleviate what is often perceived as an excessively litigious environment for many doctors. A recent report by the AMA found that in a 12-month period, five percent of physicians had claims filed against them. Claims that the AMA generates $70 million in revenue through its stewardship of (CPT) codes appear to be a mischaracterization.
The estimate is based on a distortion of the transparent financial information the AMA voluntarily offers in its Annual Report. The AMA has publicly reported this figure represents income from its complete line of books and products, which include more than 100 items, not just CPT. The AMA sponsors the which is an influential group of 29 physicians, mostly specialists, who help determine the value of different physicians' labor in Medicare prices. Collections of the association's papers dating from the late 1860s to the late 1960s are held at the National Library of Medicine. Politics and lobbying. The American Medical Association headquarters building in Throughout its history, the AMA has been actively involved in a variety of medical policy issues, from and to, and.
Between 1998 and 2011, the AMA spent $264 million on lobbyists, second only to the. In the 1930s the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the primitive that sprung up during the. The AMA's subsequent conviction for violating the was affirmed by the.
The AMA's vehement campaign against in the 1950s and 1960s included the supported. Before Medicare passed, according to, inserted ' charges into the 'in an unsuccessful attempt to placate' the AMA. Since the enactment of Medicare, the AMA stated that it 'continues to oppose attempts to cut Medicare funding or shift increased costs to beneficiaries at the expense of the quality or accessibility of care' and 'strongly supports subsidization of prescription drugs for Medicare patients based on means testing'. The AMA also campaigns to raise Medicare payments to physicians, arguing that increases will protect seniors' access to health care.
In the 1990s, it was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform proposed by President Bill Clinton. The AMA supported the, providing a medical rationale to clamp down on use in the 1990s. The AMA has given high priority to supporting changes in medical malpractice law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high-risk specialists have moved to other states with such limits. For example, in 2004, not a single neurosurgeon remained in the entire southern half of Illinois. The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for pain and suffering.
These costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of health care and lost income. Multiple states found that limiting pain and suffering costs has dramatically slowed increases in the cost of medical malpractice insurance.
The state of Texas enacted such reforms in 2003 and subsequently reported in 2005 that all major malpractice insurers were able to offer either no increase or a decrease in premiums to physicians. Another top priority of the AMA is to lobby for change to the federal tax codes to allow the current health insurance system (based on employment) to be purchased by individuals. Such changes could possibly allow millions of currently uninsured Americans to be able to afford insurance through a series of refundable tax credits based on income (for example, the lower one's income, the greater your credit).
The AMA has made efforts to respond to health care disparities. As such, the AMA created an advisory committee to assess the nature of disparities within different racial and ethnic groups.
One such committee focuses on the health of the Gay, Lesbian Bisexual and Transgender community. In 2005, the AMA president gave a keynote address to the at its annual conference. Since that time, the AMA has worked closely with GLMA to develop AMA policy towards better health care access for LGBT patients and better working environments for LGBT physicians and medical students. The AMA responded to the government estimate that more than 35 million Americans live in underserved areas by stating it would take 16,000 doctors to immediately fill that need, and the gap is expected to widen due to rising population and aging work force. 'And that will mostly be felt in rural America,' said Sen., D-N.D., adding, 'We're facing a real crisis.'
Fueling the shortage are the restrictions on allowing foreign physicians to work in the U.S. After the, and may become more restrictive after the attempted, still under investigation, linked to foreign doctors. In June 2007, at its annual meeting, the AMA discussed its opposition to a fast-spreading nationwide trend for medical clinics to open up in supermarkets and drugstores. The AMA identified at least two problems with in-store clinics: potential conflict of interest, and potential jeopardized quality of care. The AMA went on to rally state and federal agencies to investigate the relationship between the operating clinics and the pharmacy chains to decide if this practice should be prohibited or regulated. Peter Carmel, neurosurgeon and AMA board member asked, 'If you own both sides of the operation, shouldn't people look at that?'
The AMA also noted some employers reduce or waive the co-payment if an employee goes to the retail clinic instead of the doctor's office, inferring that this practice might negatively affect quality of care. In 2008, the AMA issued a policy statement on declaring that they 'support the findings of the latest report, which states that the Earth is undergoing adverse global climate change and that these changes will negatively affect public health.' They also 'support educating the medical community on the potential adverse public health effects of global climate change, including topics such as population displacement, flooding, and, and healthy water supplies.' . In July 2008, the AMA focused its energy on blocking cuts to Medicare.
Through advocacy efforts and communications campaigns, the AMA and all the specialty societies and state medical societies it comprises came out with a temporary victory. Despite a presidential veto, H.R.
6331, the 'Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act of 2008', passed with wide, bi-partisan majorities in both the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. The AMA has affirmed, through continual policy statement (policies H-460.957, H-460.974, H-460.964, and H-460.991 for example), its support for appropriate and compassionate use of animals in biomedical research programs, and its opposition to the actions of other groups that impede such research, such as some actions from animal rights groups, and its opposition to legislation that unduly restricts such research. The AMA's promotes and lobbies for a reduction of alcoholic beverage advertising and an increase in alcoholic beverage taxes, among other activities. The AMA supported the as a step toward providing coverage to all Americans. The AMA approved a resolution in 2015 declaring that there is 'no medically valid reason to exclude transgender individuals from service in the U.S. The decision was lauded by the.
Criticisms and historical controversies In historical terms, the American Medical Association's policy of allowing its constituent groups to be in areas with widespread faced considerable opposition from doctors as well as other health care professionals. This came to a head during the, pressure coming from organization such as the (MCHR), and the AMA finally gave up the policy in the late 1960s. Retrospective articles by the AMA's own publications have criticized the AMA's past tolerance of as against fundamental. One such 2008 article used the title 'African American Physicians and Organized Medicine, 1846-1968: Origins of a Racial Divide'. The intersection of has long been a disputed topic relating to many factors. As well, in terms of history, the AMA's foot-dragging in helping foreign-trained medical professionals fleeing to the U.S. From and adjacent nations has brought criticism.
Despite a widespread need among natural-born Americans for health services, particularly in the context of the, the number of newly licensed foreign-trained doctors after came to power remained similar to previous totals. In economic terms, several critics of the American Medical Association, including economist as well as his wife, have asserted that the organization acts as a and has attempted to increase physicians' and by influencing limitations on the and from non-physicians. In the book, a work associated with the television series of the same name, the Friedmans stated that 'the AMA has engaged in extensive litigation charging chiropractors and with the unlicensed practice of medicine, in an attempt to restrict them to as narrow an area as possible.' Counters to this argument have appeared in publications such as, in which AMA-related doctor Cecil B. Wilson argued that the AMA 'has been supportive of medical school expansion to help ensure there are enough physicians to care for all Americans.' Wilson remarked specifically as well that the sum of 'medical schools accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education, of which the AMA is one of two co-sponsors, increased from 125 in 2006 to 137 in 2012' and that the 'number of medical students in the U.S. Is also increasing.'
Profession and Monopoly, a book published in 1975, also condemned the AMA for limiting the supply of physicians and inflating the cost of medical care in the U.S. The book asserted that physician supply is kept low by the AMA to ensure high pay for practicing physicians. It states that in the United States the number, curriculum, and size of medical schools are restricted by state licensing boards controlled by representatives of state medical societies associated with the AMA. The book is also critical of the ethical rules adopted by the AMA which restrict advertisement and other types of competition between professionals.
It points out that advertising and bargaining can result in expulsion from the AMA and legal revocation of licenses. Restrictions against advertising that is not false or deceptive were dropped from the AMA Code of Medical Ethics in 1980 (AMA Ethical Policy E-5.02). The book also states that before 1912 the AMA included uniform fees for specific medical procedures in its official code of ethics. The AMA's influence on hospital regulation was also criticized in the book. The belief by the AMA and other industry groups predicting an oversupply of doctors and negative issues as a result, the AMA limiting at least somewhat the number of new doctors, has picked up criticism for having created a problem in the other direction.
More recently, the AMA changed its position and acknowledged a in multiple areas instead, predicting U.S. Trends could worsen. Nvidia windows media player skin. It has been argued, through a commentary article, that the AMA's CPT monopoly has been created by the government and makes the organization subject to government influence. Further, the restricted access to CPT codes may not be in the interest of its constituents. In a 1987 antitrust court case, a federal district judge called the AMA's behavior toward chiropractors 'systematic, long-term wrongdoing'.
The AMA was accused of limiting the associations between physicians and chiropractors. In the 1960s and 1970s, the association's Committee on Quackery was said to have targeted the chiropractic profession, and for many years the AMA held that it was unethical for physicians to refer patients to chiropractors or to receive referrals from chiropractors. Structure The AMA is composed of various internal groups that discuss policy twice a year.
There is an annual meeting, always held in Chicago, IL and an Interim meeting set on a rotating schedule for different locations. Within the AMA, there are sections that can make up the total AMA. These sections include Medical Students, Resident and Fellows, Academic physicians, Medical School Deans and Faculty, Physicians in group practice setting, Retired and Senior Physicians, International Medical graduates, Woman physicians, Physician Diversity and Minority health, GLBT, USAN, AMA board of Trustees, Foundation and Council. Externally to the AMA, there are organizations that come to these meetings by sending representatives.
These representatives meet two a year in the House of Delegates at the Interim and/or annual meeting. Representatives come from medical societies that are either from a state, specialty or the federal services/government services. These organizations are called.
Introduction to psychology notes. Psychology is a very interesting subject and is read by even for those people who has nothing to do with psychology. This is a book which is very. Clifford Thomas Morgan, Richard Austin King Snippet view - 1966. Introduction to Psychology Clifford Thomas Morgan, Richard Austin King Snippet view - 1975.
Membership Published membership figures as reported by the AMA include: Year Membership Reference 2002 278,000 2007 238,977 2009 228,150 2010 215,854 2011 217,490 2012 217,490 Charitable activities. The AMA Foundation provides approximately $1,000,000 annually in tuition assistance to financially needy students. This has to be seen on the background that in 2007, graduating medical students carried a mean debt load of $140,000 which rose to $220,000 after four years of during residency medical student debt has increased by 7% each successive year. By the time debt is paid off, it is sometimes almost half a million dollars. Funds awareness projects about health literacy. Funds community service, community health, and healthcare education events held by local medical societies and student chapters.
Supports research funding for students and fellows around the U.S. Provides grants to community projects designed to encourage healthy lifestyles (of diet and exercise, good sleep habits, etc.). The Worldscopes project is a collaboration with the medical community to collect and the funds to buy them. The stethoscopes are then distributed to those in the global medical community who normally lack the resources to obtain the instruments.
Thousands of stethoscopes have been sent to physicians and others in the medical community around the world who lack access to this medical instrument. See also. Notes and references.
American Medical Association. From the original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-16. Pollack, Andrew (2013-06-18).
New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-21. ^ American Medical Ass'n.
United States, (1943). ^. The Chicago Tribune. April 18, 2004. National Library of Medicine. National Library of Medicine.
Klein, Ezra (22 Mar 2012). Retrieved 2013-06-30. (April 2011).
'Personal reflections on the high cost of American medical care: Many causes but few politically sustainable solutions'. 171 (8): 722–727. Justin Donathan.
Retrieved 2014-04-14. From the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-22. Archived from on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-22.
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^; (1990). Free to Choose: A Personal Statement. Wilson, M.D., Cecil B. (April 12, 2012). Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 13, 2016.
Berlant, Jeffrey (1975). Cauchon, Dennis (2005-03-02).
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167 (4): 386. Retrieved January 4, 2012. Peck P (June 25, 2007). MedPage Today.
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Collier R (August 9, 2011). 183 (11): E713–E714. From the original on 30 October 2010. Retrieved 2010-11-07. Retrieved 2015-09-23. Archived from on 2009-03-21.
Retrieved August 2009. Check date values in: access-date= Further reading. Burrow, James G. AMA: Voice of American Medicine. Baltimore:, 1963.
Campion, Frank. The AMA and U.S. Health Policy Since 1940.
Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1984. Fishbein, Morris. History of the American Medical Association, 1847–1947. Philadelphia: W. Saunders, 1947. Numbers, Ronald. Almost Persuaded: American Physicians and Compulsory Health Insurance, 1912–1920.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Poen, Monte. Truman versus the Medical Lobby: The Genesis of Medicare.
Columbia, MO: The University of Missouri Press, 1979. Starr, Paul. The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry. New York: Basic Books, 1982.
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. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors is the of the. It is written by the editors of ( Journal of the American Medical Association) and the Archives journals and is most recently published. It specifies the writing and styles for use in the. The manual was first published in 1962, and its current edition, the 10th, came out in 2007. It covers a breadth of topics for authors and editors in medicine and related health fields. The online edition also has updates (style points that have changed since the last print edition), a blog, monthly tips from the editors, quizzes, and an SI unit conversion calculator.
AMA style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by hundreds of other (including medical and other ), in many textbooks, and in academia (for papers written in classes). Along with and, it is one of the major style regimes for such work. Many publications have small local style guides that cascade over AMA, APA, or CSE style (for example, 'follow AMA style unless otherwise specified herein' or 'for issues not addressed herein, follow AMA style'). Content areas. Section 1.
Preparing an Article for Publication. Types of Articles. Manuscript Preparation. References. Visual Presentation of Data. Ethical and Legal Considerations. Editorial Assessment and Processing.
Style. Grammar,. Punctuation,.
Plurals,. Capitalization,. Correct and Preferred Usage,. Non-English Words, Phrases, and Accent Marks,. Medical Indexes;.
Section 3. Terminology. Abbreviations,.
Nomenclature,. Eponyms,. Greek Letters;. Section 4. Measurement and Quantitation.
Units of Measure,. Numbers and Percentages,.
Study Design and Statistics,. Mathematical Composition;. Section 5. Technical Information. Typography,. Manuscript Editing and Proofreading,.
Glossary of Publishing Terms,. Resources. Traits of AMA style In general, AMA style strives for clarity and simplicity, and trusts the target readership to have a certain amount of knowledge and education.
For example, AMA style dispenses with periods in abbreviations, on the grounds that they are unnecessary for meaning's or clarity's sake in all but very few contexts. AMA also requires expansion of most abbreviations at first use, for clarity's sake.
Style Quiz
The AMA Manual of Style sets standards for mechanical style, but does not insist on invariability for its own sake in contexts where a bit of limited variation is logical, especially in higher-level style. References.
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